Friday, July 20, 2007

Dissertation thesis

Dissertation thesis writing is a very high standard form of academic writing. Students as well as teachers take this form of writing seriously. The term ‘Dissertation thesis’ tells you two things. The first is that it is a dissertation, and the second is that it is thesis writing. Therefore, the emphasis is greater on every aspect of this form of writing.

A Dissertation thesis is not something you can produce overnight. It is a painstaking process that requires careful research, thought and writing. There are several steps that you need to take in order to create a high standard Dissertation thesis. The usual introduction, main body and conclusion alone will simply not do. You need to apply a research method to this form of writing.

For writing a Dissertation thesis, you require some if not all of the following parts:
Title Page, Table of Contents, Abstract, Acknowledgement, Introduction, Aims, Objectives, Thesis, Methodology, Literature Review, Analysis, Conclusion, References, and Appendices. Each part takes considerable time to put together. This is why you need to plan your schedule out for writing your Dissertation thesis.

You must realize that your Dissertation thesis is not a dissertation that you create out of one research assignment. Often, researchers will require a proposal to start with. Once that is approved, you go on to write your dissertation. Once your dissertation is approved for further research, you will be convinced of your direction of research. You may need to conduct few more studies before you come up with enough evidence to form your thesis. This is when you can start writing your Dissertation thesis.

Ideally, your Dissertation thesis will require you to take into consideration all that you have researched. Throughout planning and writing your Dissertation thesis, you need to keep in mind the evidence that you discovered through your initial proposal and subsequent dissertations. Additionally, your search for pertinent matter that will support your thesis is crucial.

You need to find as much evidence as there is to prove your Dissertation thesis. When you use the matter you have searched up for your Dissertation thesis, you must reference and cite their sources thoroughly. Failure to do so will cause your thesis to lose credibility.

To write your Dissertation thesis, you will basically need to follow your thesis itself along with your arguments and supporting facts. You will need to conduct a literature review that primarily presents what other scholars say. This is your foundation, and your analysis will rely on it. In addition to this, you will have your primary research to include. Both these forms of data will take you into the analysis and conclusion of your Dissertation thesis.

Concluding your Dissertation thesis can be a lengthy process, as you will have to make sure that you include all the necessary arguments. These will help you to re-state your thesis, which will wind up your assignment. This, however, does not end your work with your Dissertation thesis, as there are many finer points that you will need to produce and adjust, such as generating a table of contents, and formatting each page so that the whole assignment is presentable.

The article was produced by the writer of masterpapers.com.
Sharon White is a senior writer and writers consultant at Dissertation writing. Get some useful tips for
dissertation proposal and
dissertation thesis.
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Choosing Speakers

So you have just been made responsible for developing the best-ever program for your next corporate function. Perhaps it's a trade show. Perhaps it's a conference. It might be a company meeting or a product launch. Whatever the event, you don't know where to start. Before doing anything, understand that your program will stand or fall on

- The audience
- The purpose of the meeting
- The topics of the sessions
- The presenters or speakers

The audience and the purpose of the meeting will determine the topics, and all three will determine who your speakers should be.

"But David, shouldn't we hire the biggest name possible – the speaker with the biggest 'star appeal'?"

Not necessarily. If the main purpose of your speaker is to draw attendance, then you want the biggest name possible for one of your slots – a Jerry Seinfeld or Jay Leno or Nicole Kidman or maybe an ex-President.

However, you will still need many other speakers. Star appeal is a powerful factor, but there are more important factors:

How well does he or she know the topic you need addressed? Often a respected but decidedly "unfamous" expert is a better pick than someone out of Hollywood. You can learn a lot about speakers by reviewing their biographies online. As an example, here is As an example, here is the online bio of Brandi Chastian.

How well can the speaker learn to understand your audience? This is important, since the speaker might already have addressed a similar audience. Or he might be willing to take the time to understand who your audience is and what their experiences have been. Or maybe not. A key question to ask..."Will you arrive early enough to be briefed about what has already transpired at our event, so that you can work it into your speech?" Then write it into the speaker's contract.

How well does the speaker speak? This is important because the most famous person who has just discovered the cure for cancer or won a dozen gold medals at the Olympics might not be able to utter an intelligible word. Make sure the famous speaker or recognized expert can really speak well. Ask to see a real video at a real speaking engagement. Even better, take the speaker for a test drive. Ask to attend an upcoming speaking engagement.

What is the speaker's speaking style? Not every speaker matches your audience. Some audiences and some topics call for an energetic motivational style. Others call for a more informative style. Some audiences will react better to a laid-back style. To be sure, boring is out, no matter what the audience, but there are different styles that can engage an audience, but not all of them will work with every audience.

Ask for references you can call...references with similar audience characteristics. Then make the call and ask what went well and what could have been improved. If something did not go well, it could be a sign that the speaker is not ideal, or it could be an indication of something you need to do to make sure she or he is ideal.

Is the speaker willing to provide an outline of the speech ahead of time? It is important for you to know what the speaker will cover and to make suggestions if necessary. It's your program and you know what needs to be covered.

Is the speaker willing to go the extra mile? Sometimes the best speaker is the one who will commit to staying an hour after the event to answer questions from shy participants or from those with long-winded or multi-part questions. Or a speaker, especially one who is already well-known, can add value by greeting people as they enter the hall. Or perhaps they can also add some excitement to a spouses' program.

Of course, budget is always important. If you need to pay for a dozen speakers with a limited budget, don't try to book Dr. Phil for one of your slots. You can do a quick search for speakers by fee range at All American Speakers Bureau to start your budget planning.

A speakers bureau can help you navigate many of these issues, both more quickly and more effectively than you can yourself. Once you make known your concerns and questions, the speakers bureau can quickly pull out those speakers most likely to fit your needs and respond to your demands.

Choosing the right speaker is critical, if you want your audience to walk away feeling that they have gained something from the event. Take the time to ask the right questions and hire the right speaker.


ABOUT THE WRITER:

David Leonhardt is a freelance writer and website marketing consultant. He works with All American Celebrity Speakers Bureau and with GMG Olympic athlete speakers and endorsements.
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Related Articles

Custom Essay

Custom essays are considered to be very tough for students. But if the students were guided in the right direction writing custom essays would not have been a tough task for them. Practice also plays a major role in writing custom essays. Today students lack the patience to practice the same thing again and again. They want to please their instructors but don’t realize that this not possible until and unless they practice hard.

In a custom essay, just like any other forms of writing, writing the first paragraph is the most difficult and time taking task. Once the first paragraph or the introduction gets through, the body and conclusion automatically follows. The first paragraph of the custom essay should be able to grab the reader’s attention and force him to read the entire piece of writing. If the first paragraph begins with anecdotes, examples, statistics or quotations then reading becomes interesting for the reader. If the reader gets interested he is sure to finish the essay in one go otherwise he might just throw a hurried glance over it.

The custom essay writer can only achieve this if the thesis statement is clear in his mind.
If the writer were able to think clearly his clarity of thought would obviously get transferred on paper. So the custom essay writer should always try to make his thesis precise and clear.

In a custom essay, action verbs and adjectives play major attention catchers. If these things are lacking in the essay then the instructor looses interest and his lack of interest gets transferred to the grades the student is getting. Thus to get good grades, the trick is to make it very lively.

The custom essay should be organized and well planned. Though the student has interesting points to discuss, his custom essay would not leave an everlasting impact until and unless the ideas are put in an easy to follow format. The paragraphs should be strong and one paragraph should deal with only one point.

Custom essays that are free of misspelled words and grammatical errors have better readability chances. It is very irritating for an instructor to go through a piece of writing which is full of mistakes. In such circumstances even if the custom essay is well constructed, the consistency gets destructed.

In custom essay, it is not difficult for the instructor to find out that it has been written in a hurry. Students fear writing custom essays so much that they keep on postponing it till the deadline is near. Sometimes they find the topic or the subject so boring that they don’t feel like working on it. The only way to escape such situations is to choose an interesting topic or find an interesting angle to the boring topic.

Custom essay writing can be made interesting if a student understands how much benefit it does to his thinking and analytical skills. With the tips that are provided above and a little practice every student can conquer the monster called custom essay.
Gabriel Rise is an expert writer at custom essay writing and a writing counseling department expert at college essay writing. The assistance of their writers is an invaluable input in your future professional growth.EssayCapital.com is dedicated to providing a critical essay writing service that is both top-quality and affordable.
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College essay

Writing college essays is the most dreaded part of a college student’s life. But if a college student follows a few simple tips and practice diligently then he can excel in this field and earn good grades. For those who love reading, putting their viewpoints on paper is not a tough task. But otherwise too, this is not a tough nut to crack. Here is how you can do it.

Every essay deals with a particular topic. Choosing a topic is one of the most time consuming part of essay writing. You can choose any topic that you feel strongly about. If your instructor has given a topic to you then your task becomes much easier. Just proceed to the next step. Make a list of all the ideas that comes to your mind. Write the thesis statement on the strongest point. Base the introduction or the opening paragraph of your college essay around the thesis statement.

After the college essay’s introduction is ready, choose the other points in order of importance and elaborate them in separate paragraphs. If the information or the ideas that you are sharing with the reader were not presented in this manner then your college essay would not rise in its readability level. This would naturally affect your grades, as loosely written points do not impress the instructors. So make the body of your essay very impressive.


While writing college essays, many students do not give as much importance to the conclusion as they give to the introduction and body of the essay. This is not the right way of essay writing. The conclusion has the same importance as the introduction and the body. This is the portion where you can restate your observations and viewpoints and leave a lasting impact on the reader. So the conclusion should be well written too. Just add the finishing touches to the essay now and your college essay is ready. Check the grammatical errors and spelling mistakes if any. These careless mistakes mar the consistency of the essay.

No matter how well written a college essay is, if you do not abide by the word limit given to you by your instructor you are sure to loose marks. Therefore while framing your essay keep a strict vigilance on the number of words you are writing. If you find that you have exceeded the word limit then try to cut short the words without missing on the important points. Even if you have not been provided a word limit try to keep your essay short and simple. Too lengthy college essays adversely affect the interest level of the reader.

College essays are an integral part of the learning process in a student’s life.. Through the college essays the instructor judges the student’s thought process and writing capabilities. The students should not look at the college essays as a means of just pleasing the instructor in order to get good grades but also as an essential channel of academic excellence.
Gabriel Rise is an expert writer at custom essay writing and a writing counseling department expert at college essay writing. The assistance of their writers is an invaluable input in your future professional growth.EssayCapital.com is dedicated to providing a contrast essay writing service that is both top-quality and affordable.
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Editor's Report on Getting Your Article Published

After you do all the research, writing and rewriting, you want to be sure your article gets published. No one wants their hard work to be rejected, right?

As an editor for an on-line directory, I can tell you that I read a lot of articles that never get published. That means that they don't get read, which means it won't generate the traffic you've worked for with all your effort. That also means the cleverly crafted link in your resource area will be worthless.

So how do you get your article published and read? Here are some tips:

1. Write a Great Title

Your title needs to be coherent. By that, I mean it must make sense. Having said that, though, I've read some good articles whose title didn't really give away the content. Far from putting me off, it actually piqued my curiosity to read the article!

But if you can't be clever, be clear. Your title should be descriptive and contain your keywords. The title of any document should tell the reader what they can expect from the piece.

2. Write an Interest Generating Summary

This is absolutely necessary if you come up with some clever title that while interesting, doesn't give away the content of your article. An interesting summary will give a short synopsis of your article and persuade the visitor to read it. A good way to generate interest in your article is to ask the questions that the targeted reader would be asking. Then tell them they'll find answers to their questions in your article.

3. Write a Useful Article

Articles that help the reader understand are the most useful articles. Believe me, you know more than you think you do and there are a lot of people out there who would benefit from your knowledge. If you're in business, this is even more true.

What may seem like second nature to you, a subject you are really passionate about (really interested in) is what others want to learn, or learn more about. Visitors to article directories are a hugely varied demographic. There are visitors who want to find out how to throw a bridal shower, and visitors who are looking for information on a health issue or disease. Still others are looking for a quick answer to an immediate question such as how to clip their cat's claws.

When making a number of points in your article, use numbered items to break the information down easily for the reader.

4. Submit Your Article Properly

While I edit for a general content directory, many of my colleagues do not. Their article sites are very focused and so they do not accept articles that are not written for their target audience.

I'm not saying do not submit to directories of a general nature, I'm saying submit to the proper niche directories as well as long as your article fits the niche. If you have an article on great wines, submitting to a health article directory is just a waste of time. Yours and the editors!

5. Always, Always, Always Edit Your Own Article

Editors despise misspellings and poor grammar. They don't want to publish something that makes them look bad, like a poorly written article. By all means, use a spell-checker in your favorite text editor, but it is imperative to re-read your article before sending it off for submission. You'll catch many mistakes before you submit. My biggest peeves as an editor are things like "your" when it should be "you're".

Writing and submitting articles is a time consuming task, but one that can reap huge benefits if done properly. Do yourself and article editors a favor and follow these tips to get your article published and read.


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Cindy Dykstra is a web designer and developer and owns Article-DirectorySite.com an article directory providing you with free content to use on your web site, blog, ezine or newsletter. Free article submission and RSS feeds too!
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Why Translation Can be Difficult

Do you sometimes wonder why certain materials are badly translated? One of these reasons why translation is difficult is a phenomenon known as polysemy: the many meanings that a single word can take.

For example, In English, the word plain can take on the following meanings:

ordinary / undecorated: a plain white shirt
easy / simple to understand: plain English
a level area of land: great plains

Due to polysemy, translating English into other languages is more complex than it seems. One will have to know which sense of the word is truly needed.

For example, there are over 20 ways to saying "to get" in French. This is because there are multiple meanings of "get" that are used in English, but the French must use a different word for each of those meanings. This concept isn't that obvious, but this can give translators some trouble.

At basic levels of French, most are taught the verb obtenir ("to get"). But which sense of the word "get" is really used here? Obtenir is used when something is acquired (it looks like the English word obtain). A different word must be used if you want "get" to take on a different meaning.

In each of the following sentences "get" takes a different meaning:

I need to get some bread. (buy)
I get the idea. (understand)
We need to get home. (arrive)

This is just one word out of many which can cause translation difficulty. One must study the context carefully and do not try to translate word for word, or even worse, rely on an automated translator. Translation done by a machine can produce very awkward and often hilarious results which make no sense at all. Automatic translators are only useful for giving a brief overview (the gist of what is being said) of the main ideas being discussed. How will a machine translator know which sense of a word is being used, especially if that word has many homonyms? Looking at the context (or surrounding words) is somewhat useful, but it is not always fool-proof. Only a human being can determine what the best translation is.

John Xavier is a freelance writer and student of linguistics and language. Find out more information on language and linguistics at The Linguistics Zone blog.
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Mandiana Customs scam, night in the Savannah, Barrages de Selingui, Mali

Tags: Mandiana, Guinea Customs, Niani, Selingui, Mali, Niger
Once dawn breaks I am up again, trying to locate the facilities of this shabby place I spent the night. The couple with the motorcycle episode still on my mind, I find my way to the washroom, and what a washing room it is.
There is flowing water however and I have my shower under the fresh morning sky, the cold water from the well helps me to clear my mind at once. I have a difficult task ahead of me, and I need lots of luck to get my merchandise out of the customs clutches. So mad the whole story sounds, no one would ever imagine the agonizing moments I go through with these officials. Like leeches they prey on their targets, remorseless their approach to empty your pockets.
The night before I visited the local hawkers and to my astonishment I found quiet palatable food. Without a meal the whole day I longed for a dinner, and I found it in form of a decent Spaghetti Bolognaise, and some 'sauce 'd arachides' a peanut butter based sauce with stewed rice. Amazingly, the dishes were of agreeable taste, and reasonably cheap.
The appointment is set to 80.00 AM and I drive up to the main junction that links the western border Bougoula, with the northern and eastern route, to Kankan and Niani. The customs building is a simple tin roof thatched house, but the main negotiating room is on its left, and is comprised of a raw concrete floor, some wooden chairs, and a grass covered rooftop, open to all sites, so that the traffic can be observed. Whatever passes through here, is subject to pay road tax, in one way or another. The capital is far and here the officials can act as they see fit.
The night before I drove up to the main junction, the Customs officials on duty sitting near a bonfire in one of the huts erected to control vehicles that pass through here. I was asked to report the next morning, having no choice I will follow the order. Again the officer who we found at the entry point to Mandiana tells me that I do not have valid car papers, and thus adds to my already big problem..
I drive up the yard, and after the initial exchanges of welcoming : 'bienvenue', the officials, three of them, begin their process. All eyes are focused on the big Renault articulator, now parked at the side, under scrutiny of the customs. They will not let go of this truck till they receive their share The one in charge appears, with the copy of the transit invoice in his hand and tells me the amount involved. The figure is somewhat less than at the Bougoula border, but it is still beyond my acceptable figure
When I insist that the value on the invoice is incorrect, the official displays the transit documents, and I realize the blunder made by my own staff. The valuation on the documents contained an error, committed by the Ivorian Customs. The whole crew of the truck has by now assembled around the vehicle and I request the original invoice issued by our company back in Ghana. Here the amount is a complete different amount, and I produce it as evidence. Seeing an opportunity slip by, the man in beige now tries to be stubborn. I am now in full steam and ask him to physically check the load instead. Upon his instruction a few bales loaded are released and the weight is being taken. By multiplying the number of packages he derives at the figure on my invoice. This solves the puzzle and he grins. We know the icebreaker worked. We have all settled into the straw- hut and two official in a hammock are explaining the procedures, and warning of the 'brigade', the customs flying squad that seizes all goods that are not properly declared. All to intimidate us and to find ways to extract more money.
Once the final calculation comes out we are to pay in the region of 3000 US Dollars, still high but of course much less than the previous figure. Now it comes to the finals, the crew is invited to have lunch with the officials, I politely refuse indicating to my stomach. They withdraw behind the house to .savor he local specialty 'cailler'. When I see the fermented milk, with thousand flies swarming around it, and the sugar being added in large amounts, I return to the point of the vehicle, finding a place in the shadow under a large Acacia tree and wait for further developments. I feel the deal is nearly done. With the meal over, the people return to prepare the final release documents. Without telling anyone in the group I know I have a most important meeting to attend in Europe, after 3 days in Prague to be precise. How I will reach there I don't know. We are in the middle of the bush, no airport, only rough roads leading into three different directions, one of which is towards the north to Mali, and I know that I will have to take this route. I urge to conclude the deal, already 10 days have passed since the truck has entered Bougoula border (Encounter at dusk, part II). With a few twitches in the final figure we agree to the amount. Now all the attention is on how much money everyone will collect from the deal. Smiling faces abound, I realize we are done. I am preparing to depart, handing over the amount to the woman in charge of the consignment, to be paid against official receipt. And with the new friends made waving goodbye, I set off towards Niani, the border with Mali. The time is 15.00 PM, and I have to drive approx 300 km through Savannah road to reach the border town, also know to be a smuggler's haven.
Continued : Night in the Mali savannah .
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Editor's Report on Getting Your Article Published

Man of Steel- Walter Lukesch, Hptm
Author: Heinz Rainer | Posted: 01-05-2007 | Comments: 0 | Views: 5 |
Heinz Rainer

April 10th, 1975, Kaisersteinbruch Garrison, Austria

0600 a.m., sharp call : Tagwache !

Everyone's up in a second, some try to procrastinate.
15 min later, the last sleepers are thrown out of their beds.
Morning toilet, fetching breakfast by the corporals of day, 07.30 we are ready.

Standing in formation, the captain appears. He has returned from his daily 1 hour jog in the woods of the Blue quarry, the Emperors quarry, where granite was broken for the famous Vienna Ringstrasse in Imperial Austria.

When he appears, the company is quiet. No-nonsense expression, a man of steel, he won't demand more than he can deliver himself. Problem - it is a lot.

No one i have ever seen with more a will of steel, a massive amount of stamina.

One shout, plain and clear, comes out from 140 recruits : "Good morning, Herr Hauptmann !"

When the jog begins, we all sigh. The more we pant, the more he gets agile. Never ending strength, a bear, who is a real soldier.

After 1 hour, we are near exhaustion, the daily astronautic exercises start.
12 x 12 standard exercises. Close to exhaustion we make it through this morning.

With every day passing, our stamina gets stronger, our bodies harder.
Each muscle hurting, we have been turned into physical powerhouses.

Trained by Walter Lukesch, a statement that carries weight in our Army's chronicles.
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Article Tags: Austria, Burgenland, Uchatius Barracks, Walter Lukesch, Austrian Army

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The longest march

The Longest March
Author: Heinz Rainer
Heinz Rainer

Austria, County of Burgenland, Uchatius Barracks

Early morning. As usual, on the dot 06.00 AM. a loud voice throws us out of our bunks.

T A G W A C H E ....

Robot like, we stumble to our feet, daily routine, our limbs sore from strenuous exercise. Tuck your bed, grab your rations, gear, equipment, all ready for the longest march to the alpine glaciers.

Prime mountainous region of the Wechsel, training ground for the Austrian Army. 07.30 sharp our trucks begin to roll. The drive takes about 2 hours, and we reach our destination, Mariensee.

The captain, Walter Lukesch gives instructions to his junior charges and off we go, right from the start its up the mountain, through dense pine forest, firs. We continue in a sharp pace, one after another, zig - zagging along the mountaineers trail.

Within half an hour we all feel the tremendous efforts it takes to carry near 20 kg of Alpine gear, rifle, helmet, and personal supplies up a steep trail. The Hauptmann is a powerhouse and pulls the company along the trail, without the slightest hesitation.

Whilst carrying the heavy radio equipment on his shoulders, he has no back gear unlike us.

Our panting becomes unbearable, the speed of the ascent is almost barbaric. Well into 2 hours, our first victim of exhaustion collapses on the steep trail, the company for mates and takes cover like in real wartime situations, we are on maneuver after all.

Here, in the alpine wilderness, no sound can be heard except the occasional song of a cuckoo, and the mountain buzzard.

Whilst we welcome the unscheduled rest, we are concerned about our colleague who collapsed because of exhaustion. And we know the worst is still ahead of us.

The captain shoulders our colleague's backpack onto his chest and off we move to higher grounds. Up and up and the lower parts hardly visible through the dense forest. Within minutes, Herr Lukens has out walked us and we have problems to keep up the pace. With a double weight to carry he shows no sign of the slightest exhaustion. His stamina is unequivocal.

When we finally reach the top, and the trail goes on a less steeper slope, we are instructed to carry our chemical masks. We nearly suffocate under the rubber mask, the sweat runs down our faces.

Nobody has time to think about his own misery, we all are tired and worn out, finally the command to remove the masks is given.

At the time we were angry, frustrated and saw a beast in our Hauptmann. But we knew, he was doing his part to turn us into real Soldiers, nothing less.

In those days we knew what exercise meant, and it felt good at the end. Without pushing your body to the limit you will never understand how much you can give.

Long after, well into the afternoon we reach our summit, the highest point in the massive glacier. When we pass the first masses of snow, the Captain forbids us to drink the ice cold water that emerges from under the ice bed. The risk of contracting pneumonia was not a welcome thought, and we observed, although with difficulty, his instructions.

The first stop is after the peak, we are taking a break of 30 minutes.

From here the trail now went downhill, through harsh landscape above 2000 meters altitude. Alpine meadows will harbor cattle in summer, but stand empty now in early spring.

The "Feistritz Sattel", a pass between two mountains comes into our view, still far away. We know there are still hours till we finally reach our target.

After reaching the town of Trattenbach, the trail steepens again and we take a final onslaught to our day's destination, unknown to us.

The mountain ranges around us, the view towards the glacier we have climbed, we notice how far we have come. All around us beautiful nature, un spoilt, untouched by humans.

Towards 18.00 PM finally we come to a standstill, the Hauptmann giving us lectures about the final days of World War II when Storm troopers of the Nazis defended this last stronghold against Russians invading from Hungary. Tracks where once rails were laid, up here in the mountains, carrying ammunitions to the heavy Artillery positioned up here. The Well built, the entire command post, did it nothing to stop the Russian Army to finally enter this last area of Nazi Germany.

We assemble to take instructions for the night camp, preparing our tents, logging fires and start the night watch. We are amidst fir trees, above a mountain stream where we fetch our water.

Finally, we take over the night watch in turns of 2 hours, and relax on the forest ground, separated only by a thin sheet of plastic from the wet undergrowth.

To be continued ..

Next : Kummerbauerstadl / Trattenbach / Lower Austria County



Article Tags: Austrian Armed Forces, Kaisersteinbruch, Uchatius Kaserne, Garrisson, Hauptman Array Walter Lukesch, Hochwechsel, Feistritzer Sattel, Steiermark, Burgenland, Kummerbauer Stadl

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Give a Speech? I’d Rather Die!

Jerry Seinfeld famously joked that at a funeral, the average person would rather be in the casket than giving the eulogy. Indeed, according to national surveys the fear of public speaking is America’s greatest fear, surpassing the fear of illness, fear of flying, fear of terrorism, and amazingly, the fear of death itself.

Nearly everyone suffers some level of nerves when speaking in front of a group. But for some people the anxiety can be overwhelming.

These people fear public speaking so much, they experience nausea, cold sweats and sheer panic. In these cases the regular advice – exhortations like ‘be prepared’ or ‘imagine your audience naked’– simply does no good.

Having spent years coaching people with intense phobias, I’ve learned techniques that can help you overcome these debilitating fears. One of the most effective is a technique called Anchoring.

How You Create Fear
To beat your fear of speaking in public, you first need to understand how you create fear in your mind and in your body. The way you feel at any moment in time is a direct result of two things: your Focus and your Physiology. Focus is the way you are using your mind: what you are thinking, and the language you use inside your head. Physiology is the way you are using your body: your posture, your breathing, and even things like how tired you are.

Every feeling you have is a result of a recipe composed of the Focus & Physiology you are using at that moment. Change Physiology and Focus and immediately your feelings change.

It is physiologically impossible to feel afraid while moving around with your head up, breathing full healthful breaths and thinking and talking about things you are happy and excited about. Try it and see.

Anchoring Yourself
Jumping around like an acrobat and singing your favorite song will definitely shift you into a much more positive state, but you’ll need a more discrete strategy for use before an audience!

The answer is Anchoring, a simple technique that taps into your neurology’s system for linking feelings to experience. You have already experienced anchoring thousands of times. It works like this: whenever something unique happens and you are in an intense emotional state your nervous system creates a link between the two.

Perhaps the first time you fell in love, there was a song that you heard on the radio. At the time that song played over and over again, and you were in the intense emotional state. Maybe it even became “your song.” Now whenever you hear that song that feeling of falling in love comes back.

In this case your mind created a link – an anchor - between a powerful feeling and a stimulus.

We can use this same sort of anchoring to transform how you feel about public speaking. You deliberately create a link between some kind of unique stimulus - one you control and can use whenever you want - and the kind of calm, confident emotions you want to experience when speaking in public.

So, begin by choosing a stimulus. I find that a simple, discrete action such as squeezing your fist works best. Next, practice tying that stimulus to positive emotions. Think of a fond memory, spend time with a loved one, or perhaps imagine yourself at your favorite vacation spot. Practice your stimulus during these times. Repeat this until you find you can recall the desired feeling anytime you want by using your stimulus.

This technique works like a savings account. The more you put into it, the more useful it becomes.

And, like a savings account, the reward can be huge: a vast reservoir of calmness and confidence you can draw on whenever you chose.
Why not give it a try?

Seymour Segnit is the President of Change That’s Right Now, a New York based company that has helped hundreds of people overcome chronic phobias. Visit him at http://www.changethatsrightnow.com/fear-of-public-speaking.asp.
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Talking Business

Copyright (c) 2007 The College Of Public Speaking

In business, there's no time to lose. Grab the audience's attention and make sure that you retain it.

The key question is - what is the purpose of your presentation? What do you want to achieve?

Do you want to inform, persuade, inspire, entertain?

Make the context crystal clear. Spend a long time considering your subject and gathering appropriate material that will punch your key messages home. How long will you be speaking for? What is your place on the speaking programme? Do you have to tie in with someone else's contribution? The auditorium and number of guests present can have a big impact on you and your speech. Find out who'll be there? Could they have an impact on your speaking career?

What visual aids equipment will be there? (or do you want to be there)? Know how to use it properly - and carry spares! Ensure that you know the requirments of the auditorium. Agree them up front with the organizers.

Get the sequence of your talk right. Would an agenda help? You will need a logical and 'signposted' structure with a definite conclusion (do not leave it in the air!). Have a strong opening with impact, something that the audience will remember long after. Similarly, the ending should be memorable. Research shows that your audience will probably remember the beginning and the ending if they are delivered convincingly.

Establish your audience's level of knowledge by research before the event. The army has an interesting saying: Ascertain as much as you can about your audience and the auditorium.' Ensure you adapt your presentation to their level of knowledge and interest.

Check for rapport with your audience. Are they nodding with agreement. Win them over. Smile, talk of 'we/us', and never talk down or patronize your audience.

Keep them awake. It's better without a written script (unless you have to). Aim for variety of voice - word pictures can be highlighted within a long talk - visual aids, maybe (with pie charts rather than tables) or break it up with a 2-man act.

If you have any briefing materials, distribute them before the event. Or tell them at the start if they'll get notes at the end. Be prepared for questions. Note and remember who asked the question. With Q&A sessions, always repeat the question.

Never lie to an audience - they'll never forget you for all the wrong reasons!

There is no substitute for preparation: preparation - preparation - preparation.

Explore all three in great detail and you will probably succeed in your assignment.


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Improve your speaking skills. How to make friends and influence people. Overcoming the fear of public speaking. 5 Regular mistakes made by speakers.
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How to Overcome Your Stage Fright

Most performers have had stage fright at one time or another. Most of the time people can't help but be a little nervous, and that's fine! The trick is to control it.

Let me paint the picture: You're about to perform. Maybe your band is playing a gig, you're auditioning for a contest, you have a solo in your church choir today. You get on stage to do your part, and your rapidly beating heart is making it difficult to breathe. That fact alone is making you MORE anxious, and rather then concentrate on that high note you need to hit in two seconds you're trying to calm yourself down and slow your heartbeat to a normal level. Adrenalin rushes your body, and your voice cracks, or you 'sort of hit it', but flat, or sharp, because your throat was probably so tight that you over-shot it.

Sound familiar?

Don't worry! There ARE things you can do to make sure it doesn't happen again.

Having too much stress before you go out on stage will compromise your performance. A little bit of nervous energy is good, and can fuel your performance, but too much will hurt it. Not to mention damage your confidence for future performances.

A lesson on confidence

The core problem for many people is a lack of confidence.

Confidence is the answer to overcoming stage fright and having good stage presence. It's having confidence that will allow you the freedom to dance around and enjoy your experience on the stage, and because of that your stage presence will come out naturally!

Over-active nerves and the fear that your audience won’t like you causes stage fright. The fear that after you are done, no one will clap for you. That fear can be overwhelming it causes you to choke. Here are some basic concepts everyone needs to understand before going on stage:

1. You are your own worst critic. Read that again.

2. Any mistakes you make are amplified in your own ears, and sound worse to you then anyone else.

3. You can recover from any mistakes you make by simply moving on right away and not dwelling on them.

You just have to develop the ability to make yourself relax, and understand that it isn’t a big deal if even if you do have a less-then-perfect performance. Developing confidence on stage is also going to come from facing your fear and just doing it. Just getting up on stage and performing.

It'll be uncomfortable for you the first time, but after you do it a few times, you'll naturally become far more at ease with it. You will notice your heart rate won’t be as high before going onstage, and because of that you'll be able to breathe easier, and singing will be a thousand times easier.

It just takes practice and repetition.

Another thing that helps is if you're old enough, hit a karaoke lounge to get some practice. Even though it isn’t quite the same as singing with a band, you'll still get the feel for being on stage in front of an audience and the words will be displayed on the screen, so you won’t have the added pressure of trying to remember the verses.
This is also a good thing to do when practicing a song for the first time in front of an audience. As long as the karaoke provider has the song, you'll be able to practice it live.

If you aren’t already confident on stage, here are some tips to help get you there.

• Make sure first of all that you know the song you are singing.
I've made this mistake myself. I'm a karaoke host and at one of my shows, I started singing a song to open the night that I wasn’t too familiar with and hadn't practiced before, but thought I could pull it off anyway. OUCH! I was so wrong! I ended up stopping the song halfway through and apologizing. I then proceeded to sing a song I did know, and everything was fine after that. It was still pretty embarrassing.

Simple to prevent that, just make sure you know what you're singing!

Proper preparation is key for giving a good performance. If you know the song you're about to sing really well it's much easier. Here are some tips for preparing properly. Use them and you won't have anything to be nervous about!

• Make sure you warm up properly before you sing. Take a few minutes to do humming warm ups, and you'll have more confidence going onstage that you won’t crack or break because you warmed up properly.

• Take a minute to do some relaxation and breathing techniques like shoulder and head rolls. These help a huge amount in preparing you for a performance. Your voice is greatly affected by the amount of stress you bring to the stage, so the more relaxed you are, the better you will be. Here are a couple of them:

• One of my old teachers taught me this one: Sit down in a chair and put your back evenly and straight against it. Take a breath and as you do, pull your pelvis up and open your back so that is spreads against the back of the chair. At the same time, you should sink into the chair and squeeze the gluteal muscles together to support the diaphragm. Then, slowly blow air out of your lips like a quiet whistle, feeling your pelvis rise, back expand and glutes tighten. This is great for developing breath control for beginners, and illustrates the term “sitting on your breath”.

• Take a breath and hold it for a count of ten. Blow it out slowly, for a count of ten. This helps you control the amount of breath you let out over a specified amount of time.

• Don't drink alcohol in an attempt to relax yourself for your performance. This does not help; it dehydrates you and makes you sluggish. I assure you that you will not be focused properly if you have had a few drinks before you sing. Sure you may feel more relaxed, but you will be sacrificing other important things that you need to focus on.

• This is to be done while onstage: if you can, try and start your night with a duet. Your ability to do this will depend on what type of performance you are doing. If you are in a competition for example, this probably won't be an option. However, if it’s just a karaoke night or a band performance, you can probably begin this way. Having the added voice on stage with you will help to ease the nerves because you won’t be going at it alone, and not all of the audience attention will be on you.

• And one last thing to mention that's extremely important is to not take yourself too seriously. Do not be afraid to laugh at yourself if you screw up. It’s not the end of the world, and by having this ability to take it lightly; you'll be a better performer because of it. We all mess up onstage. We all go flat and sharp. We all forget the words. It’s not the end of the world, or your career as a singer. Lighten up!

Having good stage presence stems from being confident on stage. It starts with getting rid of your stage fright, and getting yourself comfortable to the point where you enjoy performing. After you've mastered that, you can move on to completing your performance by adding some stage presence. Having good stage presence means that a singer incorporates some form of movement coupled with singing that suits the song and is appropriate for the audience.

I was once on a panel of judges for a singing competition, and one of the things the performers were being judged on was their stage presence. Or lack thereof. The people that scored the highest overall were the people that danced a little while they sang and made motions and gestures to go along with the lyrics they were singing, instead of standing still like a stick with a microphone.

For example, there was this one guy who was singing a phrase that included the words: “I would get down on my knees for you”, and while he sang that, he got down on his knees right in front of us, and placed his free hand over his chest while singing. It was great! He showed feeling and emotion in his singing through the use of body language.

That is an example of great stage presence.

You don’t want to over do it by dancing around too much and compromising your voice, but you definitely want to do a little acting. The idea is to get your audience to feel what the song intends the audience to feel. You do this by getting the feeling of the music yourself, and portraying it with your own body language and voice to them.

Just keep in mind what the song is trying to make the listener feel, and act it out.

Some tips?

• Practice some signature dance moves that you can easily do on stage. Nothing too crazy, again, you don't want to compromise your voice.

• Have fun when you're singing! The best people to watch are the ones that are noticeably having fun. (Even if they don't sound so great, they're still the best ones to watch!)

• Practice your songs before you sing them on stage, and look for places to add some physical personality to them!
Make sure that you're not inappropriate. If there are young children around for example, don’t sing something inappropriate that might bother them. Be considerate of the audience that you are performing for, and tailor your stage presence and overall performance to that.

Inappropriate stage presence can be offensive to audiences, and is distracting from the vocal performance itself. It can leave people with a bad taste in their mouths over you.

I'm sure you get the point. Keep in mind exactly who it is that you're performing for. Make sure you're well prepared, and by doing that you'll see that the confidence will be there, and you'll enjoy yourself as a result.

Elisha Rae Ewonchuk is a recognized authority all over the world on the subject of vocal training. Her website, www.sing-like-a-pro.com, provides a wealth of informative articles and resources on everything you'll need to know about singing, learning to become a singer and taking singing lessons.
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10 Essential guidelines for writing an effective essay

Essay writing is one of the most important writing skills. It not only tests the ability of a writer to understand the implication and scope of the subject but also his capacity to organize his thinking about the topic and to communicate himself in clear style. In university or college context, it gives an opportunity to students to explore and clarify their thoughts about the topic or subject. The following guidelines will help you through the essay writing process for an effective essay.

Choose the topic carefully:
Careful selection of the topic is the first step towards success in writing an essay. Topic of an essay may belong to a field, which may be vast, but for essay writing, you should keep yourself limited to the particular aspect of the topic and do not deal with the subject exhaustively.

Sort out the facts related to the topic:
Sort out the details of the topic in your mind and transfer them to paper in the form of notes. This mental exercise will also help you in finalizing a topic for an essay and finding out the information related to your topic.

Draw an outline of your topic:
After jotting down your ideas on paper, organize your notes and arrange ideas in a logical order. Reject any ideas and remove those points, which are not related to your line of presentation.

Give your essay an appropriate beginning:
The beginning of your essay should be such that it should give the reader or examiner the impression that you have a firm grasp of the subject. Beginning should be good enough to launch the reader into the next part or body of the essay.

Follow the basic rules of paragraph writing:
Each paragraph in the body of your essay should contain relevant information and details of one point.

Write a logical conclusion for the essay:
Conclusion provides a final view and perspective on your topic. It should emerge from the arguments or discussion preceding it, with simple review of main points and brief description of your feelings about the topic.

Use simple English:
Use simple and plain English for writing an Essay. Avoid use of slang, abbreviations and jargons or any fashionable words while writing an essay. Plain English writing software can help you to remove redundant words from your Essay to make it more concise and readable.


Do not overload the essay with figures and diagrams.
Complex diagrams, figures and statistics are very important for business presentations and meetings. However, you should resist the temptation of using these statistics and diagrams in essay writing.

Revise, edit and proofread:
Always proofread and revise your essay before handing it over as a finished product. Editing of an essay is required to improve clarity and readability. Use English editing softwares for editing your essay, so that you can save time and you can focus on writing an essay.

Polish and perfect your essay:
Like a finished product, the essay should also be polished and perfected to the best of writer's ability. Writing software can be used to polish and perfect your essay. Some of the writing software also has text enrichment tool, which enriches text without changing the meaning of the sentence.

For more information on writing software with text enrichment tool or for plain English writing and editing software for essay, please visit http://www.truevalue4money.com website.


For details on English writing software with text enrichment tool, please visit
English Writing Software and for plain English writing and editing software plain English writing and editing software website.
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The 7 Levels of Publishing, Part Two

Previously � in Part One.

The First Level of Publishing is to print one copy. The Second Level of Publishing is when you receive five copies. The Third Level of Publishing is when you want 50 copies.

Now - Part Two.

The Fourth Level of publishing is next. For the Self-Publisher or Internet Publisher, this is when they aim for sales of 500 copies. This means they have exhausted friends and family, all of them, including long-lost aunts, uncles, and people you used to work with years ago. It also means people you meet in Libraries and cafes, at Book signings and at Writers' Workshops. As one Literary Festival organiser told me a few years ago, it probably means you're a 'regional writer', quite well known in your own particular area, your neck of the woods. You will have been featured in your local newspaper and on local radio, maybe even TV. It's quite a high target and a place that some Internet Publishers never reach. Strangely, this is a level not even noticed by Traditional Publishers. If one of their signed authors stops at this level, Level Four, they would be viewed as a complete disaster, a huge loss of finanical investment and someone not worth bothering about in the future.

Similary for Level Five. This is where a single book's sale amount to five thousand copies. This would be laughable for a Traditional Publisher. Sure, some hardbacks launched in the UK never sell more than a few thousand copies, but this is mainly to get the critics interested and establish some kind of presence. The hardback that gets noticed through this initial launch would be followed by a paperback edition that would be expected to sell in the tens of thousands. Anything less, and the author would be quietly dropped, (even if a long-term contract had been agreed) and swiftly replaced by a new hopeful. For the Internet Publisher, this is a far more significant level. It means that the Self-Publisher will start to see an important contribution to their income. It starts to look as though they can really think about planning to give up the day job. It seems that they might finally make it into the realms of the 'full-time, professional author'. Why the big difference? Because an Internet Author doesn't have to make a huge profit for the publisher who signed them up. Those publishers need big sales to pay for all their glossy offices and expense account lunches, all the Conventions and Festivals they have to attend, plus the hangers-on, the Literary Agents, the publicity people, the photographers and layout artists, the book jacket designers. An author who has followed through on publishing their own book (with the help of an online publisher like Lulu) will be pleased to reach Level Five and will start to feel their careers are finally taking off. For a Traditional Publisher, looking at one of their authors at Level Five, means that if the person has peaked at this level, then they have completely failed.

Traditional Publishers want Level Six, at least, that is, sales of fifty thousand. Even then, the author isn't a 'success'. They won't be on the Bestsellers list, (they need the next level for that) and will be on the cusp of being 'profitable'. Still, with an author at this level, the Publisher would probably be willing to risk the next book and may even put some effort into it, perhaps even providing an Advertising Budget, at least.

(To be continued in Part Three)


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Mike Scantlebury is an Internet Author. He is offering novels for sale at Lulu dot com and has several web sites, listing books and stories he has written in different genres. He also enjoys a good argument and has set up the highly controversial Discussion Forum http://www.PublishingisDead.com where the debate can be faced and fought over (and the title speaks for itself).
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How to introduce a speaker

Copyright (c) 2007 The College Of Public Speaking
Introducing the guest speaker is not the easiest of tasks. Always remember your audience - what's in it for them?

How seldom do we hear an introduction which is really not much more than a partial biography, uninteresting, without structure, stumbled through, essentially, merely going through the motions?

Who cares whether the speaker was born 1961 in Plompton, that he went to grammar school, high school and university, that he married a class mate, has four children, a VW Polo, a bulldog, and moved to Dublin in 1991? So they are going to speak on "The future of our forests in Africa".

Exaggeration? � Perhaps. But not too far from the truth. It recalls all the boring ritual of the average introduction.

What is our duty when introducing the speaker?

Obviously, to increase the interest, attention and anticipation of the audience. It is only a courtesy to the speaker to condition the audience to a pleased, happy anticipation and ensure attention.

What is a good introduction?

It consists of several things:

With a few rare exceptions, a good introduction should not go over two or three minutes. Don't hog the limited time of the speaker.

There should always be an "introduction of the introduction." Perhaps this is only a single sentence of an attention-compelling nature. An introduction is a short speech and should follow the rules for good speech making. Some apropos side remarks or comments might further increase the mood and anticipation if it is lightly humorous and in good taste.

The body of the introduction should raise the importance of the timeliness of the subject to be discussed. This is to increase the interest of the "so what" members of the audience. A short statement about the speaker should follow, restricted as far as possible to their accomplishments.

Up to this point, the title of the talk, the business or professional connection, or the title of the speaker and their name, have not been given. The conclusion of the introduction consists of these three:

title of speech
title of speaker
the speaker's name

in that order. Always give the name of the speaker last and then lead the applause so that the audience know what to do.

All of this in three minutes? Yes. It takes some doing, but it is your duty. Try it and you will be surprised at the good reception it will get.

Like all aspects of speaking, preparation is the key to success. Experienced speakers when thrown in to the deep end, should make a good fist of introducing the speaker. An introduction needs preparation, thought and ingenuity. The introducer needs to know the title of the speech, the slant the speaker will take, some pertinent facts about them, and the type of audience they will be addressing.

Keep a close eye on the events of the evening. Often events occur that throw into your lap a comment or bit of humour which, if grasped, establishes the easy liaison and happy anticipation which is priceless background for the speaker.

What about introducing more than one speaker at the same meeting?

If that is your task, pay close attention to what the first speaker says. Make sure you're listening when the speaker is delivering the speech. Try and demonstrate your sponteneity by making an off the cuff remark about the speech's content. Pick out some statement or thought you can refer to, and in a logical or humorous way, connect their speech with the one which is to follow. Use such remarks as the "introduction to the introduction" for the next speaker.

Be entertaining, keep it short and factual, and make sure you memorise the speaker's name so that you're not reading your notes when you announce his name. It is your duty to increase your audience attention and anticipation. Try it next time. Condition the audience as you introduce the speaker.


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How to develop as a speaker.
Stepping up to be a professional speaker.
Overcoming the fear of public speaking.
Talking Business
http://www.collegeofpublicspeaking.co.uk
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The Art of Persuasion in an Essay

Rhetoric is the art of discovering, in a particular case, the available means of persuasion."
--Aristotle

Every single human requires the art of persuasion at some point in their lives. As a child, one might use persuasion for the attainment of a toy or as an adult for the acquiring of other objects. A person here might whine, throw tantrums, but this behavior never seems to attain what is wanted by the person and just makes things worst. What one needs here is persuasion as it is the only method that can be sued by one to achieve what he wants. According to definition, “Persuasion is a form of influence. It is the process of guiding people toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic (though not only logical) means. It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than force” (Persuasion, p.1).

Techniques

It is to be noted here that when writing an essay, a person needs to use persuasion so as to make people conform to the ideas that he or she presents in his essay. To write a persuasive essay, first of all the writer needs to have an argument. The argument has to be one-sided and the other side of the argument or the opposite answer is disregarded, but another fact is that a persuasive essay is never related to the pros and cons of the topic, but general facts related to its factuality. According to sources, “It can't be a fact. If you were to choose as your topic, "Vipers are dangerous," you wouldn't have to persuade anyone of that. However, if your topic was, "Vipers should be eliminated from the animal kingdom," then you would have presented an opinion that could be debated. Your persuasive essay will focus on only one side–your chosen side–of the argument. This will not be a pros-and-cons essay. Also, it won't be a personal opinion essay. You must be prepared to back up your logic with evidence collected in research that supports your position” (Covert, p.1).
Persuasion requires techniques. No one would believe anything said by another until and unless he or she is persuaded into believing it. Persuasion can be done by certain methods.

-- Evidence

First of all evidence is required so as to support the claim made by the writer in the essay. The evidence cannot be general statements but have to be valid with good sources. Apart from evidence, persuasion needs to be sequential with one fact of the topic leading to the other for the betterment of the reader, as this would help him or her in understanding the topic as well as the claim. For example, if one is writing an essay on the above mentioned statement that is, “Vipers should be eliminated from the animal kingdom," the writer needs to begin by the dangers posed by the vipers and then move on to numerical data as to how much disaster is caused by them and then carry this argument forward.

--Introduction of Controversial Issues

In the essay, the writer should also bring forth a general introduction to the issues that are against the topic at hand. This would lead to a negation of the controversial topic and would help the reader into conforming with the arguments as well as to understand the whole topic.

Conclusion

In the light of the above-mentioned statements, we can hereby conclude that persuasion is an art that is used by everyone at some point in their lives. It is necessary to note that persuasion plays a major role in an essay, which is related to a certain debatable argument. Persuasion requires some techniques, which have been mentioned above.




Works Cited

Covert, Brenda. The Art of Persuasion. Retrieved on May 17, 2007 from: http://edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_33_32.html
Persuasion. Retrieved on May 17, 2007 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion


Author's Bio:

Bryan Ancelotti works as a content writer for TermPapersCorner,Inc. The company
provides high quality Term Paper
, Custom Essays and Project Outsourcing service.
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Volks Game

“What do you know about art, Volk?”

Maxim Abdullaev hurls the question through the airwaves as if it were an ax, cleaving pretense.

I cram my Nokia cell phone against my ear. Clattering dishes, jostling diners, and raised voices give me an excuse to delay answering his question. “Hold on,” I say, then step downstairs to my table in the basement of Vadim’s Café near Staraya Street, where I make my office.

Maxim could be anywhere. His headquarters are in the Solsnetskaya neighborhood just a few blocks away, but he changes his personal place of business weekly, sometimes daily, so it is impossible to develop a mental picture of where he is or what he is doing.

Once I’ve moved away from the din, I take a moment to gather my thoughts. “Art? I have a master’s in art history from Moscow University.”

I’m sure that Maxim knows enough about my life to catch the sarcasm. Dead mother, disappeared father, late-era Soviet poverty, and five years of killing and worse in Chechnya unsurprisingly failed to harmonize into a world-class education. The things I have learned are not taught in universities. He barks a deep-throated chuckle that offers no comfort. A polar bear probably makes the same sound just before it eats.

“Listen,” he says. “You do something for me. Talk to Gromov. Yes?”

“Yes,” I say, as if I have a choice, and Maxim disconnects.

Two hours later, nearing midnight, Gromov clumps like a plow horse into my basement office. The flesh on his bald head and puffy face droops like a shar-pei’s skin and slits his eyes, which are shifty-nervous, with good cause. Valya lurks hidden among the shelves of café sundries behind him.

“You talked to Maxim?” he says.

I grunt acknowledgment.

He collapses into a padded roller chair that disappears, creaking, beneath his bulk. Even its silvery round feet are covered by the hanging folds of his overcoat, where one hand stays buried in a deep pocket. He likes to show off a chromed Colt .45 Peacemaker, an outdated cannon that rends great holes in bodies, a good weapon for a man whose business is intimidation.

“I got a business opportunity,” he begins. “Maxim says you’re the guy to help me assess it.”

“I don’t do partners.”

He knows this. My rule is one source of the friction between us. “Yeah, yeah.” Scarred leather biker boots twirl the chair as he takes in the surroundings.

There’s not much to see here in the basement level. Black slate floor, rows of shelves, exposed raw-wood beams, plaster walls randomly damaged to show the red brick beneath, and dusty ’60s-era slot machines. Gromov is looking for Valya, I know, but she won’t be seen unless she wants to be. He finishes his survey and grins through crooked yellow teeth ridged black with omnipresent chewing tobacco.

“Maybe you should do partners.”

“Say what you came to say.” I point to the empty tabletop in front of me. “I’ve got work to do.”

“You know diamonds?”

“Maxim says art, you say diamonds. Which is it?”

“Same thing, asshole.”

When he yanks his hand from his overcoat pocket, Valya materializes behind him and aims the short barrel of a pistol-grip, 12-gauge Mossberg at the back of his shaved skull. But instead of drawing the Colt, he tosses a crystal rectangle that tumbles sparkling through the air before smacking into my palm.

Valya withdraws.

Gromov leans back, smugly oblivious to the nearness of death, while I examine his prize. The stone is about one centimeter square by three long. One end is broken, jagging up into a ragged half peak. Unreadable inscriptions are etched into its flat sides. The etchings are names written in Persian, I know. I toss it back, and he catches it deftly.

“You’re an idiot, Gromov.”

His jaw muscles are so big that his face widens into a pyramid when he clenches his teeth. “Fuck you.”

I wave toward his hand. “That’s a bad imitation of the Shah Diamond. The real one’s five blocks up the road in the Kremlin Armory under more security than Putin.”

That’s a lie. The real one’s gone. It was originally a gift to Tsar Nicholas I to atone for a Russian diplomat made dead in 1820s Tehran. Famous, in part, because all the unlucky owners named in the inscriptions died owning it. Damn near ninety carats preserved in uncut form. Three years ago I helped it make a symbolic but unpublicized journey back to Persia, to the rare arts collection of a spoiled Saudi prince, in return for financial considerations benefiting my primary patron, the Russian army. A better fake than this one sits behind glass under twenty-four-hour security in the Kremlin’s Diamond Fund.

“See?” he says. “You know about this kind of shit.”

“Even the tourists know about the Shah Diamond.”

He leans forward as far as his muscle-bound body will allow and settles flying-buttress elbows on my table, which groans but holds. Like much of the older furniture in Moscow, it was sturdily built by cold gulag hands. “What if I told you I could get the real thing, with nobody the wiser?”

“You can’t. Don’t waste my time.”

“Listen.” He scrunches his broad face, concentrating. “We got inside guys. Military, pissed off by Putin capitalism. They’re like pensioners on the dole while guys like us get rich. They take the diamond, replace it with the fake. Think about it. The fucker’s under glass all day, like goddamn Lenin. Who knows if what’s under there is real? Who cares? In five years some Swiss prick looks at it under a microscope and raises hell. By then, shit, there’s no way to trace who did what and when.”

I say it can’t be that easy, although it was.

“You just worry about your end,” he says.

“What’s my end?”

“Work the distribution angle.” Gromov’s running hot, trembling, obviously excited. “You’re tight with that fag, Nigel Bolles.” He mouths Nigel’s name with curled-lip contempt. “He’ll point you to guys in London or New York or wherever and help us find someone with too much money to buy it.”

“I’m not your guy.”

His jaw drops. “Why not?”

“I told you. I don’t do partners. And I think your chances of getting the real thing out of there are zero.”

Pounding veins ripple under the five o’clock shadow that darkens his enormous dome. “Why do you make things so fucking hard, Volk? Three times I say let’s do business. Three times you tell me to fuck off.” He rolls mountainous shoulders, as if to make room under the overcoat. “Business is getting too tight. Every time I turn around you’re there. You’re in my way.”

He’s right about our businesses bumping into each other, at least the parts of mine he knows about -- drugs, identity theft, pictures, and a Russian brides operation that caters to the middle classes of America and industrialized European and Asian countries. Russia has ten million more women than men, one product of her endless fighting and purging, and she always imports more than she exports. I figure the bride business evens out both imbalances.

Gromov’s interests collide with mine in several ways, although he’s big into child prostitution and other things that I won’t touch. But he’s wrong to worry about it, because there’s plenty of business for both of us on this little stretch of road below old Lubyanka prison and because the Internet has made us international.

“Don’t be so parochial, Gromov.”

“What the fuck does that mean?”

“It means we’ll get along fine if you concentrate on business instead of territorial bullshit. Steal your diamond. Hump Lyudmilla. Just stay away from me.”

He doesn’t like my way of rejecting him or the reference to his billowy-breasted girlfriend. He stands so suddenly his chair overturns. Snarls, roars something unintelligible, hauls out his hand cannon, and starts to bear down, slow and amateurish. I don’t think he’s going to fire. He just wants to make a point. But then the racking slide of a shotgun cracks through everything. He stops dead. His eyes click back and forth like the ones in the plastic clocks that look like tail-wagging pets, but he’s careful not to turn around and provoke her.

“It’s Valya,” I offer, and both of his hands go up slowly until the muzzle of the Colt brushes the bottom of a low beam.

She’s behind him, looking amped, ready for anything, almost lost in lace-up boots, cinched parachute pants, and a chrome-colored jacket with its sable-lined hood turned down. The Mossberg rests lightly in her hands. Her white hair sprays backlight like a halo.

“I’m done,” he says without turning around.

I nod at him, and he shucks open the overcoat and slots the Colt into a holster made from more than one cow. “I got no choice,” he says in the same tone you use to tell a cabdriver to turn right. “I gotta put you out of business, gimp.”

The gibe about my foot doesn’t bother me. Impending war does, especially given Maxim’s newly found interest in the world of art. The General and I had three years to operate freely in that arena. I wish our time wasn’t coming to an end.

“Have at it, big man,” I say.

He turns fast, but Valya is nowhere to be seen. One last baleful look at me, and then Gromov lumbers away.

Lunch the next day is sliced smoked pork on the sunny side of an outdoor gazebo in grassy Gorky Park. Halfway through, I’m joined by Yuri, a baton-twirling cop. He goes sixty kilos, maybe. He approaches with his spindly chest puffed out, slides his baton into a steel ring attached to his belt, and plops down across from me. The sun glints through the silver birch trees and gambols off the gold double-headed Russian eagle in his cap as I slide an envelope stuffed with American dollars across the plastic tabletop. He plucks the envelope and tucks it under his leg, fast and furtive.

“Shit, Volk!”

His eyes dart, but I’m busy with the pork. I don’t care who sees. I stop chewing long enough to say, “There’s an extra five hundred for Viktor. And a note.”

Viktor commands Yuri’s area. He’s been on my payroll for two years. The note explains the information I want about Gromov, and the extra money pays for it. Gromov is probably paying for similar reports about me.

Yuri pulls a foil-wrapped sandwich from a brown bag blotched with oil stains, but then he sits and watches me without eating. He sets his cap on the table and licks the down on his upper lip, which has been the same since I met him a year ago, so I suppose it’s a mustache.

“Where’s Valya?” he asks.

The pork is gone. I suck the fat off my fingers and pat his balding head. He’s younger than me, mid-twenties, but the hair gods are fickle. He’s softer than me as well. War and want have hardened my appearance. Military-cut bronze hair, hazel eyes with a feral blaze, stubbled jaw -- I look ferocious even when I’m trying not to. Each pat makes his head bounce.

“Don’t mess with me, Yuri.”

His eyes widen. “God no, Volk.”

I leave him to his sandwich. I’m tromping through the high grass of Gorky Park to my Mercedes S-600 when the Nokia buzzes.

“Go.”

“It’s Nigel.”

Bolles. My largest procurer of foreign business. The British expat fop Gromov asked about the day before. I wait.

“Word’s out you’re in a war, old boy,” he says.

His lilting voice is strained, due, no doubt, to a night of hard drinking and no morning Stolichnaya fix. “Business is always tough.”

“How can I help?”

Just what I need. “The British are coming,” I say, but he apparently misses the negative reference.

“Precisely. I am at your service.”

“Just keep finding customers.”

“Right.” He clears his throat. It sounds like a cold motor coughing to life. “In that regard, you’ll be pleased to learn I have an opportunity for tonight. Swiss conventioneers with a common interest.”

“Just drugs?”

“Boys and girls, too.”

He sounds regretful. He knows my scruple, silly as it is. In the end, what difference who makes the money? The children are pincushions either way.

I stop on a knoll carpeted with flattened grass that shines like wet jade. Even in early May the wind blows chill over the Moscow River and bends the tops of the stately line of birches that march up the embankment toward the towering peaks of the university. Industrial haze blurs the cityscape. The spires of Stalin’s other Seven Sisters pierce the haze like upthrust stilettos. Gromov is manageable. I know I can dispatch him with relative ease. But he’s one of Maxim’s poodles, and as chieftain of the Azeri mafia, Maxim can crush my enterprises on a whim.

“Are you still there, Volk?”

I grit my teeth. “I’ll meet you at the National Club at ten to arrange the details.” My chest tightens, and suddenly I feel as if I can’t take in enough air.

“Well done.” He’s reenergized, doubtless calculating his twenty percent cut.

I end the call, limp to the Mercedes favoring my newly throbbing stump, and crank the shiny black car into heavy traffic, already ruing my decision. The cell buzzes again.

“Go.”

“Volk?”

“Who wants to know?”

“It’s Arkady.”

Several years have passed since I last heard from Arkady Borodenkov -- one of my companions in a foster care facility and, later, at a rehabilitation center for boys situated on the Baltic shore. A childhood friend in places where friends were scarce. And last I heard, an Ecstasy distributor and part-time fence in St. Petersburg. Slightly built, with blond hair worn long, too weak for anything except the fringes.

“What’s up?” I say.

“I got a weird one for you. A score that needs muscle and hustle. But mostly it needs brains. I thought of you.”

I cut through traffic and outraged pedestrians on Kremlevskaya Street, make an illegal U-turn and then a hard right and rattle over unevenly laid bricks on the edge of Red Square. St. Basil’s Cathedral looms on the left, its colorful domes like ice-cream swirls. The bright colors and the crowds lined up around the cathedral seem to be mocking decades of Soviet religious oppression.

“Keep going.”

“I’m not even sure how to describe it.”

I’m in no mood for stalling, not while the scum of the deal I just made with Nigel still coats the inside of my mouth. “Spit it out.”

“What do you know about art, Volk?”

Copyright © 2007 Brent Ghelfi from the book Volks Game Published by Henry Holt and Company; June 2007;$23.00US; 978-0-8050-8254-8

Brent Ghelfi has served as a clerk on the U.S. Court of Appeals, been a partner in a Phoenix-headquartered law firm, and now owns and operates several businesses. He has traveled extensively throughout Russia, and lives in Phoenix with his wife, a former prosecutor, and their two sons. He is currently working on the sequel to Volk’s Game.

Visit www.volksgame.com.
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5 Great Reasons To Start Ghostwriting

There are numerous reasons people start Ghostwriting but the most obvious reasons can be summarized into 5.

1. No more 9 – 5 and spending hours stuck in traffic
You can sit in front of your computer at 5am and start working, or if you are a night owl you can write from midnight into the early hours of the morning. Being in the comfort of your home you can dress how you like, tracksuit, shorts and t-shirt or you could even just stay in your pajamas. It really is up to you. You control when you work and how you work.

2. More time with the family
You can choose how much or how little ghostwriting work you take on. This means that you have more time with your children, your wife, your partner, or just you time. You can do what you want when you want. You write around the things you need to do.

3. Writing Choice
The choice of what kind of Ghostwriting you do is up to you. You can write short articles, advertising copy, newsletters, e-books, web content, novels, and so on. You write what you enjoy which means your job is a pleasure.

4. Unlimited Opportunities
There are unlimited opportunities. You can become a ghost writer for local businesses, sporting or educational organizations, or companies looking for freelance ghost writers. You can writer for the internet world or for the print media. It’s your choice.

5. Full Control
You have control. No longer do you have to wait and hope for a promotion or pay prise. It is now up to you. You can promote yourself in many ways and achieve exactly what you want, it is up to you. You are your own boss.

Of course there are other reasons and everyone has their own. For some, Ghostwriting is a way of earning money whilst they pursue other interests like writing a novel. Many students like Ghostwriting as it means they can earn some extra money and still attend lectures and study when necessary.

But for people who like to write and be independent Ghostwriting cannot be overlooked as a business. You are self employed, you get your own clients, there are no high start up costs, and very little overheads. Your earnings can be what ever you decide you need to earn.

Ghostwriting is not for everyone, but for writers it is a great way to earn a living or just some extra pocket money.

Discover how you can turn your writing skills into a fabulous ghostwriting career. Amanda Evans's ebook "Ghostwriting Uncovered: How I Quit My Day Job & You Can Too" at http://www.ghostwritinguncovered.com/sl.html takes you from novice to pro ghoswriter in step by step format. Packed with information, the ebook also tips and advice that will help you secure endless clients. You could be signing up your first clients within two days.
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Argumentative Essay

Writing an essay opens up the mind of the writer and showcases their creativity. Argumentative Essay writing requires skills such as research, analytical thinking and good writing. You should also have skills to substantiate your arguments and bring them to a logical conclusion. The techniques develop overtime and with practice you can become a perfectionist in framing high quality argumentative essays. As a writer you need to win over the readers and make them accept their point of view. If you are writing an argumentative essay it is important that you write on a topic which you have knowledge about and you feel that you can win over the audience with your arguments. Examples of some controversial topics are abortion, capital punishment and euthanasia. There are pros and cons of writing about these controversial topics. One disadvantage is that the evaluator is already familiar with the topic and knows the arguments that you are most likely to give. So he reads the essay with a definite mindset which may be difficult to change. The advantage is the topic itself. There are many points that you might bring out in favor of the topic.

Now let us understand how you should write an argumentative essay. If you have the liberty to choose the topic it is advisable that you choose a well thought out controversial topic. Research the topic thoroughly by going through the latest magazine, visit libraries, watch news channels and discussions on television. Doing these exercises will definitely help you to get clear ideas on the topic. You need to be affirmative when you state the argument topic. If you are writing on outsourcing the first sentence can be “Outsourcing Information Technology to lower cost destinations is definitely going to help American companies gain competitive edge and win market share from their European and Japanese competitors”. If you start it by saying “Outsourcing may be of help to American companies” it does not create the kind of impact that is expected of an argumentative essay. The essay should all along have a moderate tone. If you take an aggressive and harsh approach the reader may reciprocate with equal vengeance. All along your essay should convey the message that you respect the reader’s point of view but keep insisting on your argument. This can help you win over the reader and bring about a change in his mindset.

An argumentative essay should be well researched and it should be composed strategically broken down into paragraphs. The first paragraph should have general introduction to the problem and statement to your opinion. The second and third paragraph should have a history to the problem, past attempts which were made to achieve a solution. It should also mention the sources referred. The third and fourth paragraph should give the seriousness of the problem and the repercussions if the problem is not solved. The final paragraph should draw the conclusion and summarize the main ideas of the topic. Following the steps above you can definitely compose an argumentative essay which will get appreciation from the readers.

Sharon White is a senior writer and writers consultant at Essays writing. Get some useful tips for
essay writing and
argumentative essay.

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Dissertation

Our graduate or undergraduate curricula require us to submit a dissertation for the completion of our degree. A dissertation helps us to get an in-depth understanding of the topic that we are writing upon. We need to thoroughly research the topic that we are writing upon, form convincing points in favor of the topic, structure the essay appropriately and finally conclude the essay. This is the essence of a quality dissertation. A thesis represents one’s idea on a topic and hence requires a great deal of thinking on his part. It is not necessary that a thesis is only in the form of an essay. In certain disciplines such as performing arts the thesis may be completed in the form of performance.

A dissertation or a thesis has different scopes. A thesis written for a PhD. will be different from the thesis that is written for an undergraduate or a graduate degree. The length of a thesis may depend on the number of pages or words. If the thesis is written in language such as Japanese or Chinese the length may depend on the number of characters. The thesis is generally written in the main language of instruction at the university. If the student writing the thesis is a student of languages it may be possible that the thesis is completed in his chosen language.

A thesis leads to the culmination of a particular course of academic curricula. Hence a thesis normally starts when a student has completed all other requirements of the course. The topic of the thesis is generally decided in consultation with the supervisor. The student starts the research on the mutually agreed topic and concludes the topic within a decided timeframe. The timeframe that is required for a PhD. dissertation may be different from the ones that are allowed for an undergraduate or graduate topic. In a PhD. essay there are is generally no timeframe to complete the thesis. The scholar starts the research in consultation with their advisor and culminates the thesis after many iterations and modifications. A PhD. scholar will not have any pressure from their professors on the submission date and he will receive guidance from them on how best the thesis can be completed.

A dissertation work may have some typical components. These are the title page, an abstract, table of contents and a bibliography. The other components of a dissertation work may include introduction, the research done, the results that were derived, discussions, acknowledgements and abbreviations. A dissertation is called by different names in different countries. If the dissertation work is done in a Canadian University it may be called as a term paper, papers or essay. If the paper is done for the fulfillment of an honors degree then the dissertation may be called as a major paper. At universities in the United Kingdom a dissertation is associated with an undergraduate degree, while the term thesis is associated with a PhD. degree.

A dissertation or a thesis helps a scholar to develop a mastery over the subject. This helps to develop a career in their chosen fields.

Sharon White is a senior writer and writers consultant at Dissertation writing. Get some useful tips for
dissertation writingand
doctoral dissertation.
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